纽约—关于欧洲眼下的政治分歧、特殊利益和短视经济考虑,没有比重组希腊主权债务争论更好的写照了。德国坚持要实行深度重组,至少要债权人“牺牲”50%,而欧洲央行坚持债务重组必须是自愿的。
换做从前——比如20世纪80年代的拉美债务危机——急于平息事态的政府和监管者可以把债权人(主要是大型银行)关进小黑屋,威逼利诱一番,然后就达成了协议。但是,随着债务证券化时代的到来,债权人数量比以前有了暴增,对冲基金等监管者和政府很难对其施加影响的投资者也被包括了进来。
此外,金融市场的“创新”使得证券所有者可以获得保险,这意味着他们也入了局,不再是“事不关己”了。他们确实有利益在其中:他们想获得保险,这意味着重组必须是“信用事件”,也就是违约。欧洲央行坚持“自愿”重组——也就是说,避免了信用事件的发生——无异于站到了债权人的对立面。其中的讽刺之处在于,监管者坐视这一怪胎体系的产生。
欧洲央行的立场十分奇怪。你可能寄希望于银行通过买入保险设法消除了投资组合中的债券的违约风险。此外,如果它们购买了保险,那么关心系统稳定性的监管者将巴不得保险人在损失事件发生时予以偿付。但欧洲央行又希望银行承担所持债券50%的损失而不获得任何保险“偿付”。
欧洲央行采取这一立场可能有三个原因,但没有一个能很好地为该机构及其监管和监督行为开脱。第一个原因是,银行事实上并没有买入保险,一些银行的头寸是投机性的。第二个原因是,欧洲央行明白金融体系缺乏透明度,也知道投资者明白他们无法看清非自愿违约的影响,而这可能导致信用市场冻结,重现2008年9月雷曼兄弟倒闭后的乱象。最后,欧洲央行可能在试图保护出售保险的几家银行。
这三大理由都不足以成为欧洲央行反对希腊债务深度非自愿重组的借口。欧洲央行应该坚持增加透明度——事实上,这一点正是2008年的主要教训。监管者本不应该允许银行如此投机;至少应该要求银行买入保险,然后坚持要求能够确保保险获得偿付的重组。
但是,没有证据显示深度非自愿重组会比深度自愿重组造成更大的混乱。欧洲央行或许是想通过坚持自愿违约确保重组程度不至于很深,但是,这样一来,欧洲央行便将银行的利益置于希腊利益之前了,因为对希腊来说,深度重组是走出危机的必经之路。事实上,欧洲央行可能把少数出售了信用违约互换的银行的利益置于优先于希腊、欧洲纳税人以及审慎债权人和保险购买者的利益的地位。
欧洲央行立场的最后一个诡异之处与民主治理有关。决定是否让信用事件发生的是一个国际互换和衍生品协会旗下的秘密委员会,而国际互换和衍生品委员会本身与决定结果有着千丝万缕的联系。如果新闻报道为真,则该委员会的一些成员正在利用职权推行更温和的谈判立场。但欧洲央行将决定什么是可接受的债务重组的权利委托给一个本身也是自利市场参与者的秘密委员会,此举实在有些说不过去。
一种(尽管只是名义上)将公众利益置于首位的观点是非自愿违约会导致财政问题的传染,意大利、西班牙甚至法国等欧元起大经济体将因此面临借贷成本急剧升高的局面,甚至因此引发危机。但这又引出了另一个问题:为什么非自愿重组会引起比深度相仿的自愿重组更严重的传染?如果银行体系有着很好的监管,持有主权债务的银行全部购买了保险,非自愿重组对金融市场的冲击应该没有这么大。
当然,你可能会指出,如果希腊逃脱非自愿违约,那么其他国家也会试图依样画葫芦。金融市场将对此产生忧虑,造成其他欧元区风险国利率飙升,不管是大国还是小国。
但风险最高的国家已然被金融市场排除在外了,因此产生恐慌的可能性后果有限。当然,如果希腊在重组后境况确实有所改善,那么其他国家或许真的会群起仿效。这诚然不假,但已是众人皆知的秘密了。
欧洲央行的行为倒也不出人意料:放眼别处,不可被民主问责的机构往往会被特殊利益绑架。2008年以前便是如此。不幸的是,对欧洲——以及对全球经济——来说,此后这一问题并未得到充分的解决。


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MATTHEW MITOLA
I agree with Mr. Ganns comment. In 2008, perhaps even earlier via the Enron scandal, there was an opportunity to get it right by regulating and forcing the CDO/CDS onto a transparent exchange. If that is what collectively, society not government believes is the answer.
An sound argument can be made that the shadowy world of derivatives even moved into the bright light of an exchange would not heal the problem. Fictional based assets, such as derivatives and their associated high leverage ratios, realistically have no real place essentially in markets. They did not improve capital flow other than within inter/intra banks. That is, all benefit accrues only to the financial sector.
I would presume that the reason for the "inactivity" is a combination of all 3 reasons presented in the article. My question is why has not any one exposed the truth that none of these so called "haircuts" are write downs at all. They are merely swapping old debt with new future debt, in many cases at higher interest rates. A win to banks, private bond holders, a loss to sovereign nations and their taxpayers.
Moreover, although the FED and ECB has flooded the market with liquidity, the current M1 M2 money supply is slowing. This could have been expected applying some simple green eye shaded accounting. Even after transferring a great deal of their toxic assets to the central banks balance sheet, any quick review of the major banks assets still reveals depreciated, lousy or worthless assets. The FED and ECB balance sheets have doubled and tripled and perhaps are at the breaking point. And it really does not matter when you have a swaps market that is $700T more than 10X world GDP. The full throttle liquidity hose sprayed onto the majors balance sheet in reality was a small thin garden hose with a trickle given the size of the problem.
De leverage it looks like will only come in the disorderly fashion when the EU falls apart probably mid June, since global politicians so "owned" and indentured to the bankers lack any will to orderly wind down the non sense.
Lets hope that when the house of cards collapses, there is a return to real regulation on banks (Glass Steagall and repealing the Commodity Futures Modernization Act 2000) and a return to banks that are beholding to a nation, a region or a local community.
"Our" collective experiment in "Global One" finance has been a dismal failure. We need to return to more "sizable" senses of community.
Jonathan Lam
Gamesmith94134: global finance’s Supply-chain Revolution
“Open feedback mechanisms ensure a supply chain’s ability to respond to a changing environment, but, in the case of financial supply chains, feedback mechanisms can amplify shocks until the whole system blows up.” It was because there is no firewall available during the crisis, and the pipeline was open with few operators in the financial control like Mr. Sheng said, also, there is even fewer currencies like Euro-dollar only was available in most transactions, even though the public funds like sovereignty debts were being privatized in the open trade, and it create the explosion by volume in sum of money was credited. Firewalls I took off the technical terminology means there is no safety transitory zone established physically, that our financial system allowed the flow in the supply chain freely as the computerized transaction allowed, and there is less time available for reexamination on application of control, source of origin, birth of credits.
Especially, when the parties took the international reserves for granted that Fed and ECB cut it interest rates to its minimal for the non-inflationary measure that many would consider money are free if they can beat the time.
Generally, the 22 players turned the international financial market into their casino. When their governments were the ones who called to upbeat its economies from the recession after the expansion of the debts hitting it fiscal ceiling, and the slow down cut their productivity in near recession. At the same time, the rigid exchange rate went lopsided that created the tension between the debtor and creditor. It exploded.
At present, the financial system must evolve itself with firewalls that stop contagion of the collateral damage over the money with no backing, and shrink the pool of cash for credit lending. Some might call it deleverage of the past 20 years mishaps, or change of climate in our global financial that the supply-chain must stop and check itself; besides, most of us would know by now that money supply and productivity are not on the same parallel at certain point under the influence of inflation an deflation. Without the assurance of the balance payment or imbalance of its exchange rates, the supply-chain will reverse itself.
Perhaps, I like it better if the sovereignty debt and private investment should not be classified as same in enjoying the low interest rate, that sovereignty debt should be handled separately by the Central Banks and World Bank if it does affect the exchange rate when evaluated by IMF for it answer to lack of control.
Transfer Unions must be established to void unsafe transaction and the Trans-continental Zoning to confirm the source of the origin on all transactions when the transaction is registered to enter its zones, or cut hot cashes that undervaluing ones currency from another that influences the international currency exchange rate. Besides, I see the floating rate system is a joke if it put sovereignty in defensive; and it should go with its yardstick like performance that values at each quarters.
Finally, international banks are “too big to fall” should became a legend only, and they must be downsized that international is not licensed to evade sovereignty. There are more of reforms available in regional account and obey to safety net where it allows. Perhaps, if the banker can purchase these sovereignty bonds and metro bonds from the central bank like FED or ECB instead of chasing the wild goose in the open market; the general public can have some credits available for doing business.
If someone question on the equities dealing among the banks, why only the politicians who talk over the policy on financial and there is no financial police system to oversight the banking as a whole. I think the United Nations Security Council can build a better division on financial security than G7 or G20, and it is inclusive for the globalized finance and my past experience tells me so. Evolve or not, we may stand by and watch the outcome of our present crisis and it not over yet till everyone would feel safe from hegemony through these firewalls. If some suggest cooperation from community in forgiving ones’ debt, it would be worse than my New Year project in losing weight every year, and I have been laughing at myself all my life. Without firewall in safeguard one’s wealth, each would isolate itself from contagion for a long, long time.
May the Buddha bless you?
Stephen R. Ganns
Dr. Stiglitz,
Nice commentary: which gets to the heart of the matter.
The Bank for International Settlements has been warning on this topic of hyper-leverage in these “efficient markets” for years. The truth is that at the heart of this crisis, has always and forever been the OTC Swaps markets. It’s why we can’t clear the various asset classes. The basic “gap” is and has been quantifiable—but the leak could not be staunched as in earlier times—no matter how much stimuli. The variability of appended derivatives adds onerous pressures. Probably the correct action in mid 2008 would have been to suspend trading of all OTC swaps, confirm the trades, assess the “naked” transactions, and establish houses or exchanges for clearing post haste. Once quantified and done, calculate the real default severity and execute a modern Biblical Jubilee (or principal adjustment, we were due for one anyway)—then markets could have cleared and GDP could have had a real chance at recovery.
It’s as if Moses came down from the mountain with modern synthetic stone tablets; and the “Words” carved into these tablets courtesy of computer aided graphics of course, was: “Let the small businesses Plow Under, let the homeowners be foreclosed on wings of Hellfire, let the unemployed be stultified with rough-edged Brimstone: but at all costs and no matter what, save the “swaps” markets. This sadly, has given us not too big to fail, but its new evolutionary progeny “TOO Big to Bailout”.
Stephen R. Ganns
www.theindependnetfiduciary.org
Paul A. Myers
An excellent look at the policy shortsightedness of one of the great institutions of the policy elite.
But let's talk about the "weights and measures" dimension of this problem. The financial system needs standardized financial instruments, not lots of "one off" contracts that lack transparency and are easily manipulated. Standardized instruments would be more predictable, an important aspect of financial transactions.
Today, we have a complex financial system made up of too many nonstandardized parts. So we have something of a mess.
If we want to have a complex financial system--which might usefully serve many purposes--then we should look to standardized parts which can be arranged into highly complex structures. But the structures would ultimately be understandable and deconstructable. It seems to me that markets achieve their greatest efficiency when dealing with standardized products. And the finance system needs a lot of work to make sure that both sides of financial transactions operate efficiently.
What happens if we come out of the present European crisis with a financial system that is still messy and complex? One answer is that the game would begin all over again. Not much of a solution for a lot of pain.