NEU-DELHI – Zwei grundlegende Glaubenssätze haben die Wirtschaftspolitik auf der Welt in den letzten Jahren bestimmt. Der erste lautet, dass die Welt an einer zu schwachen Gesamtnachfrage im Verhältnis zum Angebot leidet, der zweite, dass geldpolitische und finanzielle Anreize die Lücke schließen werden.
Ist es möglich, dass die Diagnose richtig, aber das Heilmittel das falsche ist? Das würde erklären, warum wir bisher so wenig Fortschritte gemacht haben, das Wachstum auf das Vorkrisenniveau zurückzubringen. Und es würde auch bedeuten, dass wir unsere Heilmittel überdenken müssen.
Die hohe unfreiwillige Arbeitslosigkeit in den Industrieländern lässt darauf schließen, dass die Nachfrage hinter dem potenziellen Angebot zurückbleibt. Obwohl die Arbeitslosigkeit in den Sektoren, die vor der Krise boomten, z. B. der Baubranche in den Vereinigten Staaten, bedeutend höher ist, betrifft sie auch weitere Sektoren, was die Sichtweise stützt, dass eine größere Nachfrage notwendig ist, um Vollbeschäftigung wiederherzustellen.
Die politischen Entscheidungsträger haben anfänglich auf staatliche Ausgaben und niedrige Zinssätze zurückgegriffen, um die Nachfrage zu steigern. Als die Staatsschulden sich aufblähten und die Leitzinsen einen Tiefpunkt erreichten, konzentrierten sich die Zentralbanken auf immer innovativere Maßnahmen zur Steigerung der Nachfrage. Dennoch ist das Wachstum weiterhin furchtbar langsam. Warum?
Was wäre, wenn das Problem in der Annahme läge, dass die Nachfrage immer auf die gleiche Weise erzeugt wird? Wir wissen, dass die Vorkrisennachfrage durch eine massive Kreditaufnahme angekurbelt wurde. Wenn die Kreditaufnahme leichter wird, erhöhen nicht die Wohlhabenden ihren Verbrauch, deren Ausgaben nicht durch ihre Einkommen beschränkt sind; stattdessen kommt die Verbrauchssteigerung von ärmeren und jüngeren Familien, deren Bedürfnisse und Träume ihre Einkommen bei weitem übersteigen. Ihre Bedürfnisse können von denen der Reichen abweichen.
Zudem sind die Waren, die am einfachsten zu kaufen sind, auch am einfachsten als Sicherheiten einzutragen – Häuser und Autos eignen sich dazu besser als leichtverderbliche Waren. Und steigende Immobilienpreise in einigen Regionen machen es leichter, sich sogar noch mehr Geld zu leihen, um es für alltägliche Bedürfnisse wie Windeln und Babynahrung auszugeben.
Der Punkt ist der, dass die schuldenfinanzierte Nachfrage von bestimmten Haushalten in bestimmten Regionen ausgeht und sich auf bestimmte Waren bezieht. Obwohl sie eine allgemeinere Nachfrage in Gang setzt – der in die Jahre gekommene Installateur, der während des Booms mehr arbeitet, gibt mehr für seine Briefmarkenkollektion aus –, ist die Annahme nicht unvernünftig, dass ein Großteil der schuldenfinanzierten Nachfrage konzentrierter ist. Wenn nun also die Kredite versiegen, können die verschuldeten Haushalte nichts mehr ausgeben, und die Nachfrage nach bestimmten Waren ändert sich unverhältnismäßig stark, vor allem in Bereichen, die zuvor boomten.
Selbstverständlich wirkt sich das auf die Wirtschaft insgesamt aus – wenn die Nachfrage nach Autos sinkt, sinkt auch die Nachfrage nach Stahl, und Stahlarbeiter werden entlassen. Doch ist die Arbeitslosigkeit am höchsten in der Bau- und Automobilbranche oder in Regionen, in denen die Immobilienpreise besonders rasch gestiegen waren.
Es ist offensichtlich, warum ein allgemeiner Nachfrageanreiz, z. B. eine Senkung der Lohnsteuern, nicht effektiv ist, um in der Wirtschaft wieder Vollbeschäftigung zu erreichen. Der allgemeine Anreiz geht an alle, nicht nur an die ehemaligen Kreditnehmer. Und die Konsummuster aller unterscheiden sich – ein älterer, wohlhabender Haushalt kauft Schmuck von Tiffany, anstatt ein Auto von General Motors. Und selbst die ehemaligen Kreditnehmer werden das Geld zur Konjunkturbelebung wahrscheinlich nicht für weitere Immobilien ausgeben – die Träume, die das Eigenheim versprach, haben für sie ihren Reiz verloren.
Weil sich das Muster der realisierbaren Nachfrage mit dem veränderten Zugang zu Krediten verlagert hat, kann das Tempo, in dem die Wirtschaft ohne Inflation wachsen kann, auch sinken. Wenn es zu viele Bauarbeiter und zu wenige Juweliere gibt, kann eine gesteigerte Nachfrage zu höheren Schmuckpreisen führen, anstatt zu einer höheren Produktion.
Anders ausgedrückt lässt der Zusammenbruch, der auf einen jahrelangen schuldenfinanzierten Boom folgt, eine Wirtschaft zurück, die im Hinblick auf die veränderte Nachfrage zu viel falsche Waren bereitstellt. Anders als bei einer normalen zyklischen Rezession, bei der die Nachfrage allgemein sinkt und man zum Aufschwung lediglich entlassene Arbeitnehmer in ihren alten Jobs wiedereinstellen muss, ist es für eine wirtschaftliche Erholung nach einer Kreditkrise notwendig, dass Arbeitnehmer die Branchen und den Wohnort wechseln.
Es gibt somit einen subtilen, aber wichtigen Unterschied zwischen meiner Sichtweise der schuldeninduzierten Nachfrage und der neo-keynesianischen Erklärung, dass ein Schuldenabbau (das Sparen der ernüchterten Kreditnehmer) oder Schuldenüberhang (die Unfähigkeit verschuldeter Kreditnehmer, Geld auszugeben) für das langsame Wachstum nach der Krise verantwortlich ist. Beide Sichtweisen nehmen an, dass der Hauptgrund für eine schwache Gesamtnachfrage das Verschwinden der Nachfrage seitens der Kreditnehmer ist. Doch unterscheiden sie sich in den Lösungen.
Der neo-keynesianische Wirtschaftswissenschaftler will die Nachfrage im Allgemeinen steigern. Doch wenn wir davon ausgehen, dass die schuldeninduzierte Nachfrage anders ist, sind Anreize zur Ankurbelung der Nachfrage bestenfalls ein Linderungsmittel. Die Abschreibung der Schulden früherer Kreditnehmer stellt zwar unter Umständen etwas effektiver das alte Nachfragemuster wieder her, aber wahrscheinlich nicht auf dem Vorkrisenniveau. Und wollen wir eigentlich, dass sich die früheren Kreditnehmer so verschulden, dass sie wieder in Schwierigkeiten geraten?
Die einzige tragfähige Lösung ist, es der Angebotsseite zu ermöglichen, sich an normalere und nachhaltigere Nachfragequellen anzupassen – Beschäftigten aus der Bau- und Automobilbranche den Weg zu einer Umschulung in schneller wachsenden Wirtschaftszweigen zu ebnen. Das Schlimmste, was Regierungen tun können, ist, im Weg zu stehen, indem sie unrentable Firmen stützen oder die Nachfrage in unrentablen Branchen durch eine lockere Kreditvergabe aufrechterhalten.
Anpassungen auf der Angebotsseite dauern lange, und nach fünf Jahren Rezession hat die Wirtschaft einige Fortschritte gemacht. Doch wird eine anhaltende Fehldiagnose bleibende Auswirkungen haben. Die Industrieländer werden jahrzehntelang hohe öffentliche Schuldenberge abtragen, während ihre Zentralbanken aufgeblähte Bilanzen wieder verkleinern und Unterstützungsversprechen zurückziehen müssen, auf die sich die Märkte mittlerweile verlassen.
Beängstigenderweise versucht die neue japanische Regierung immer noch, die Folgen der Immobilienkrise des Landes von vor zwei Jahrzehnten zu bewältigen. Man kann nur hoffen, dass es sich nicht noch mehr Ausgaben von der Art gönnt, die sich bereits als ineffektiv erwiesen haben – und Japan die höchste Schuldenlast (etwa 230 % des BIP) in der OECD beschert haben. Leider gibt die Geschichte wenig Anlass zum Optimismus.
Aus dem Englischen von Anke Püttmann


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Ganesan Srinivasan
There is considerable evidence on mismatch of skills to fill increasingly technically oriented jobs. Retraining of workers is often easier said than done. Also ontributing to this quandry is that universities graduate so many students in soft skill majors, who then find it difficult to land jobs in an increasingly technical environment. There needs to be a complete rethink of the the education / training / retraining policies that will hopefully lessen the harsh impact of these type of recessions in the future.
ananda gundurao
I wonder why a stimulus has necessarily to be govt driver; govt, insteady can draw people out to spend by creating capacity for such expenditure. For example, India has a huge demand for housing; but most people can not afford to buy house in urban areas. The govt is the biggest land holder. Today, land cost is major component of housing cost. Govt might as well lease land on a nominal price to apartment owners, creat large scale housing in the affordable range of 400 to 700 sq ft and allot it to salary earners and small business people over 25 to 30 years of EMI. this housing can be high quality, with necessary infrastructure thrown in and built through professional construction companies. We can easily absorb few million houses for a decade. This can generate huge demand, tax collection and related multiplier effect of employment generation.
Patricia Flanagan
This article fails to take into account that government spending is fundamentally different from private sector spending. Governments deficit spending injects money into the economy while private sector spending merely redistributes what money is already circulating in the economy minus the money that is removed to pay for imports. New private sector money that doesn't come from government is created out of thin air by private banks much like the money that was created out of thin air by the federal reserve to bail out the banks. The rub is that all of this money must be paid back with interest. Thus the ballooning government deficit is truly the life blood of any economy who still has their own currency and didn't buy the clap trap peddled by the IMF and the World Bank. Horrors of horrors, governments printing money to serve the public interest not to bail out crooked financial entities.
Any country who prints money to fund their public purpose, will surely face currency devaluation. And is this such a terrible thing where the only game being played in the global sandbox is competitive currency devaluation?
Economists like to tout the meme of self interest as a virtue of free markets. It is time for countries to reassert control of their economies for the interest of their inhabitants and not the interest of marauding corporations.
niels kristian schmidt
The sum of micro is macro. So understanding macro, requires insight into the micro economic actions and dispositions of humans. And macro political effects can only be understood if micro economic effects are understood first. For it is the sum of these micro economic reactions that constitute the macro economic effect. Rajan's article has some good points in that direction. Many economists talking about aggregate demand are too primitive in their approach to economics.
Geared Economy @gearedeconomy
What is missing in this article is a more fundamental view upon the relation between currency/employment and consumption: what we do not spend we do not have to earn
Creating too much money by central banks will eventually create a problem between generations see also
http://gearedeconomy.blogspot.nl/2013/01/geared-economy.html
gene wong
regarding "sustaining demand in unviable industries.."what if those industries employ mostly those lower income former borrowers whose debt rajan won't mind writing down..?Regarding possible jewelry inflation post general tax cut, what if the jewelers now buy products/services from the aforesaid former borrowers, whose demand is thus unrepressed..?Hopefully this is how a virtuous circle work and govt assistance acts only as a bridge(to use el-erian's opt repeated phrase).Finally it is unclear the stimulus has actually failed ,given we don't know what counterfactual to compare it to.. ie without it things could have been much worst.
Carol Maczinsky
None of these policies solve the employment issues. In fact youth unemployement could be solved with a reintroduction of military subscription for 3 years.
simon Vrouwe
Sorry instead of: [...postphoning misallocations of resources.] it should be: [postphoning reallocations of resources]
simon Vrouwe
Great article, I have read your book Fault Line too, it is balanced. But as in the book, between the lines I discover some similarities with the business cycle theory of Austrian Economics. A boom created by overinvestment due to credit expansion, then the (unavoidable) recession/depression needed to liquidate the mallinvestments. Goverments and central banks trying to prevent recession/depression by credit expansion and stimulus, postphoning the misallocations of resources. I think that deep in your hart you sympathise with the Austrian view.
What I miss, also in your book, is a analysis of the monetary system, which I think is at the core of our problems. But that is dangerous territory for any respected economist.
Flint O'Neil
Rajan, just like in his book Fault Lines, does seem deeply Austrian at heart, but reconciles himself with Mercantilist/Industrial policy in developing countries. What makes me curious is how this fundamentally differing view of market structures can be supported theoretically by an Austrian theorist? Is there room within the Austrian dogma and theory for the pragmatic application of Industrial policy?
Paulo Sérgio @paulosergiomdc
If this is true, isn't the recapitalization of the financial industry with government money another form of governments standing in the way of more natural growth?
The question is more complex than at first appearances because in whatever economy, the financial industry sponsors much of the private invention, industrialization and so on --- unless private venture capital is ready to take over from open capital markets and banking and so on.
Jonathan Lam
Gamesmith94134: Why Stimulus Has Failed
If we acknowledge the falsehood on the shortage of aggregated demand can be compensated on supply through the fiscal or monetary stimulus; perhaps, we can take examples stimulation was not resolution at all, like the ClubMed, or Green industry. They illustrated the economy would suffer its boom and bust sequence, eventually they became unsustainable. There is no error on stimulation or industry that was chosen; but the fault fell on the margin of affordability that expectation did not turn into reality that growth turned into its fundamentals and valuation conflicts.
Every change must apply its principle of substitution on fundamental like what, how, who, and why; and such change constitutes an expectation on growth; but its counterpart is the tangible value as in balance as in ratio production and consumption, exchanges on import and export, marginal affordability, long-term and short-term outlooks. At some point, fundamental and valuation interchange through the internal and external transitions. So, we have macro and micro economics and billboards, in which, we often examine the compatibility and plausibility through the statistical calculation. However the fine line would fall on the price supportive elements and its bargains throughout the transition like CPI or Currencies exchanges.
In the case of ClubMed, we may question if the northerner travels to South, based on its favor of the locale or pricing? Currently, we are certain that it was not the five-star hotel in Milan or Madrid we overly assumed. Do the houses in North Africa could use a solar panel to preserve energy they cannot afford? It is lesser likely applicable to the principle of substitution. It was a mismatch in the price supportive elements. Especially, many airline companies were sacrificed to promote tourism during the energy crisis in exchange of the hotels that were over-built. Perhaps, it was a laugh on the poor who willed to conserve energy in giving his live saving to put a solar panel on his roof while he must spend his earning in a day by day basis with no savings.
All investments purposed a profitable return either in long-term or short-term, so, we questioned the sub-prime rate housing and the present sub-prime rate bonds too. Of course, US dollar demands stimulation by its depreciation on dollar or piled up its dollars on stack and asset capital to seek its price support. However, it create the conflicts with the global financial system that demands a reevaluation on US dollar since the productivity did not change with its tide on cash flow on fiat money, like Dollar, Euro, or Yen which are alienated by its people’s support.
“The advanced countries will spend decades working off high public-debt loads, while their central banks will have to unwind bloated balance sheets and back off from promises of support that markets have come to rely on.”, said Mr. Rajan.
And I said,” watch out for the tide change if you build sand castle on beaches.”
May the Buddha bless you?
Robert Pringle @Robert Pringle
Well said. But governments can do more to encourage a "spontaneous" increase in demand for "good", new products and services to help overcome the malinvestment legacy. They won't just step aside. What is clear is that central bankers are about to dig us all more deeply into the hole - just like last time, as Bill White has pointed out - all over again; but Gordon Brown, despite his old-fashioned impulses, is onto something - see http://www.themoneytrap.com/2013/01/gordon-brown-on-stubborn-national-politics/
Jonathan Lam
Gamesmith94134: Dr. Doom Warns Wall Street and Washington---- Heed Karl Marx's Warning!
Mr. Gert van Vugt,
You make the best description on the theory on the economical growth Paradigm that the economic change seems like Malthusian’s diminishing return, and I agree. However, Mr. Roubini makes his point on the social disruption reverse itself through the diminishing demand. If we can put away the elements like the Ponzi scheme and benefactors in social caused deficiency or defects to growth. Corruption by capitalism and the dependency by socialism among societies both caused failure in the economical and societal development.
Perhaps, we focus on the circuitry on the accumulation of wealth and consumable wealth that runs the economy. It seems both the capitalism and socialism ran short and proven wrong in the economical model or social model that became self-destructive; eventually, the economy runs from diminishing demand to diminishing return, or vice versa. So, if we use the living standard as the equilibrium position to the supply line of the circuitry of wealth balanced by both of the diminishing return and diminishing demand.
How about I call my paradigm on the wealth circuitry in economical and social growth that supports and balances both accumulated wealth and consumable wealth; and it created a “Z” shaped development running both on the diminishing demand and diminishing return; which is based on the assumption, the route above the standard of living equal in length with the one below the standard of living is in agreement of its living standard to sustain a viable growth, which contains;
• The base line as the diminishing return where the societies kept peace with its populace that consumable wealth that cause economical displacement like with its negative growth or no growth; it provides entitlement or social programs with non-productive individual citizens for example, 27% of its population on welfare with add-on with subsidies to sustain a standard of living.
• The top line as the diminishing demand that ended with accumulated wealth favors of concentrated wealth owned by individuals that ended with profitless, 1% holds 27% of the global or national wealth, plus those with extra wealth is not in production yields to no growth.
• And the diagonal line that connected to both ends is the support of the price and value in the middle is the standard of living which contains the most of the productive individuals who is moving up and down the ladder of growth.
If more of the wealth accumulated than the wealth consumed, then it causes saturation of the wealth. The diminishing demand under the standard of living agreement made the demand idle because of the shortage of consumption. In the process, the standard of living will go down to meet its demand after the deflationary measure to make it consumable. In reverse, the wealth consumed is over the wealth accumulated, as it is less profitable. Then, it triggers the inflationary measures to aggregate demand to accumulate more wealth in its diminishing return mode; eventually it will balance itself again with the agreement of the standard living with a viable growth.
It is not the supply and demand. It is rather the circuitry of wealth under the spells of the lower living standard that diminishing demand is being part of the deflationary measure. If the accumulated wealth became saturated, then it means the lower living standard that made the demand finite like lesser demand in loan of dollars in ECB.
I am certain I am not being introspective; I may twist the theory a little; but the proof of the lower living standard in Europe made it plausible.
May the Buddha bless you?
Ayse Tezcan @@aztezcan
Debt-fueled demand! Who do you suggest created this behavior in the first place Sir? The snake oil salesmen and passive supporters of this mentality Laissez-faires free-marketers... now you are providing solutions to the problem this philosophy created? Good luck with finding buyers.
John Hawkins
This fits in with my views, I have long held the opinion that we in the west are junkies addicted to the cocktail of consumerism and self importance.
I see little desire to change , indeed the desire, craving, is to return to the pre bust party.
Sad really.
PROCYON MUKHERJEE
May be the headline, “Stimulus has failed’, is a strongly worded repartee and a better summary would be “Limited impact of the Stimulus”. The stimulus did what it could effectively do; the rest would depend on a host of other factors that make economies grow. How different is the situation of U.S. from Japan, where for almost a decade stimulus money is being extended with almost no change in growth rates? The difference is still in the strong balance sheet of large corporations who have continued to derive benefits from a situation where consumption factors are muted, but this has not translated into wide spread job growth. The crucial issue is not the quantum of stimulus, but the application of the same for boosting job growth and there one would see that a lot of corporate accounts have benefited by replacing old debts by new ones, buying back stocks, and perking up cash pile. It is time this has to flow into fixed asset investments in the domestic economy. Isn’t it time the CEOs instead of endorsing a gloomy future of U.S. (if one goes by the Harvard Business School Research by Porter on U.S. competitiveness) start to act decisively in favor of staking their companies’ future by investing in the domestic economy?
Mark Simmelkjaer @simmelkjaer
Very interesting read. All stimulus is not created equal. Government policies must be aimed at easing worker transitions (i.e. from Housing construction to say healthcare) instead of propping up the bubbles of the future.
Frank O'Callaghan
Very important point! Not all demand is the same and not all stimulus is the same. The concentration of wealth and reward at the top of the income range is a cause of the crisis. Stimulus has gone to the rich. It is needed by the rest.
Merijn Knibbe
A little about the 'solution' you propose. An market is about demand and supply - and you do not talk about demand at all. Weird. In recent times, The first thing demand was, indeed, fuelled by increasing private debt levels. We both know that this road has been closed - at least when it comes to mortgage debts. One reason debt levels (compared with GDP) increased is the increase of mortgage debt which did not lead to new nominal production and income (in the sense of the national accounts) but to higher house prices. It lead to inflation in the non-GDP economy, instead of the GDP economy. But it has to be paid back using nominal GDP-income, which did not increase because of this debt - quite another situation than debts which are used to finance investments and the like. Unlike debts which fuel aggregate demand, these mortgage debts did not lead to a matching increase of income but only to a inflationary increase of perceived (housing) wealth, which becomes a problem when Ponzi financing stops and house prices decrease (as the Dutch are experiencing, at this moment). The same real houses and nominal incomes, but much higher mortgages. Don't underestimate the amount of monetary financing of the housing market, in the Netherlands alone this amounted (official statistics) to about 600 billion Euro over the last twenty years, i.e. total Dutch GDP (which did not lead to inflation or current account deficits as it was, on a net basis, squirreled away in pension funds, deposits and non-financial company savings). Look here for a graph of monetary financing of dutch mortgages (billioins): http://www.luxetveritas.nl/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Nederlandse-hypotheken.png
Also, the structure of the Eurozone leads to imbalances which can only be counteracted by a fiscal sovereign which is also a monetary sovereign - and which does not exist in the Eurozone. In 1992 Wynne Godley already made a detailed prediction of the present mess: http://www.lrb.co.uk/v14/n19/wynne-godley/maastricht-and-all-that
To underscore the depth of the Eurocrisis you might consult this graph about (the disappearance of) money in Greece: http://rwer.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/op-zijn-grieks.png
Again: this Moneygeddon is not caused by the lazyness of the Greek or something like that - but by the structural and ideological forces which were analysed by Godley, back in 1992. Read the guy.
Which leads to the last point: were does new final demand have to come from? You state that it will miraculously appear when new sectors spring into existence. But 'demand' needs money and income to pay for the products of these new sectors, there is nothing (nothing) in your analysis which suggests how this money and income comes into existence, in a situation of high indebtedness where people (at least in the Eurozone) are paying of debts and therwith destructing money (consult the ECB monetary statistics) or spend their money on stamps and other safe assets instead of production generating final demand (you might want to read chapter 17 and 19 of that famous 1936 book on this). Please, explain. Will households do the spending? The government? Non-financial companies? One of the more remarkable aspects of new classical thinking is the neglect of money - which is mirrored in your 'solution'. Please, explain what will happen, as intertemporal optimization is of course a fata morgana. What we should do is of course make mortgage debts more flexible, i.e. couple them to the value of incomes and houses using for instance negative interest rates (remember: the money lent was newly created by the banks and the borrowers together, it was not somebody else his or her money before it was lent as it did not exist before the act of borrowing/lending!) and to increase wages. This might indeed lead to the income and spending power which will allow new dynamic sectors like 'care for the elderly' to grow. Believe me: this is in countries like Germany one of THE growth sectors, at the moment. And the long run is quite short, for its customers...
captainjohann Samuhanand @captainjohann
In India there is demand for housing as the number of homeless numbers tell but they cannot afford it and also the demand is there in the urban centres where poor go for work but cannot afford the price.We have enough cement,steel, low wage labour but the cost of land in urban areas is high.It is here Government should step in as in China and creat infrastructure around urban centres which will match the Urban quality so that affordable housing could be built and also unemployment is solved
srinivasan gopalan @geeyes34
Dr Rajan's perceptive piece on why stimulus has failed, in so far as it confines itself to the advanced countries, has no answer to the economic slowdown India has been faced with for the past two years. India too did two doses of stimulus in the post-2008 world economic slowdown but those stimulus vanished in the thin air with the country remaining stuck in a slowdown mode for the last couple of years. India's public debt to gross domestic product has not dwindled while the fiscal consolidation moves remained in the back burner despite the authorities' tall talk of the overwhelming need for fiscal consolidation. As Mr Rajan is in the unenviable slot of India's finance ministry chief economic adviser, his forthcoming survey on the Indian economy to be published a few days ahead of the 2013-14 Union Budget is keenly awaited for all the astute ideas he holds on the global economy. Borrowing per se, either by an individual or by a nation, is not bad as long as the ability to repay the loan contracted through sustainable earning capacity is not lacking or found slackening! The learned professor of finance perhaps may throw up some wrinkles on how to get the Indian economy moving as the country has launched its ambitious 12th five year plan in April 1, 2012. G.Srinivasan, Journalist, New Delhi
Meenakshi Srinivasan
Stimulus has failed because Home economics always teaches that only when there is something in the pot can it be dished out. All that stimulus did was print more money that did not exist and circulate it and make everyone feel that there was a "Hurricane Greenback" that flooded their cities and hence make them feel "rich".
It goes back to the basics- spend what you have earned, not borrowed from future expectations. A bird in hand is worth 2 in the bush. But then, my introduction to finance course taught me how I could create equations to show the "value of time" and slap a value on it and gamble and see how many more agree with me and put their money along with mine to make everyone believe the same.
Then one day, it just might pay the dividends we thought it would or we can come to the realization that it was the Story of the Emperor's New Clothes all over again!
Venu Madhav
I need help as I am not sure why I am stuck with this in my mind. The population was 312MM in United States in 2012. Average size of a household is 2.6, and that means there would be 120MM households; while today there are already 132MM, ok that could be due to the variability/deviation factor from the average especially looking at cities and sub-urbs with growing employment in contrast to other parts; but still how much demand would that really create? Rather than restrict the construction workers to the shores, business savvy companies should have bid for projects offshore to keep the QoQ statements black, because there are so many infra projects happening worldwide. Last but not least, how much of the stimulus really went into SME focused SBIR/STTR projects to create employment versus like Dr. Rajan pointed the unyielding and bubble bursting zones?
Thus I agree with Dr. Rajan on his position of the situation and also seek help to clear my quandary.
Pingfan Hong
Why stimulus has failed? Krugman would say, because the size of stimulus has been too small, in comparison with the size of the shock brought by the financial crisis on aggregate demand. How would you argue with him?
It is very interesting to see the new Japanese government adopt both an expansionary fiscal policy and a extremely easing monetary policy, despite its highest public debt to GDP ratio in the world. This new policy mix has made Japan now different from other major developed economies, where macroeconomic policy features a combination of fiscal tightening and monetary easing.
If Japan can succeed in boosting the growth while reducing its debt, it will disprove the views you are holding here; otherwise, if Japan fails, the consequence will be dire: the expansionary fiscal policy will explode its already unsustainable debt, sending Japan into a debt crisis.
Brent Beach
Most of the stimulus efforts have gone toward recapitalizing the wall street banks who created the last couple of bubbles. We know they will create another bubble if they can, taking their billions in bonuses along the way. This type of stimulus is certainly counterproductive.
Unfortunately, not helping those banks may have taken most pension plans down the drain as well. Was there a choice?
Failure to investigate, indict and prosecute the people behind the fraud is the worst part. Yest, save the pension funds and the banks, but punish the banksters.
The other part, the innocent bystanders in all of this, how to limit damage to them? Austerity would punish them more.
Given the choice, stimulus is the only possible course.
Smart stimulus amounts to picking winners, a dangerous obsession.
General stimulus right away, find out where the economy then heads (something you cannot predict) then get out in front and start to lead.
Makes sense to me.
Manfred Dix
Raghuram Rajan's article sounds awfully close to me to a defense of Austrian Economics, a la Ludwig von Mises. Even though Mr. Rajan might not want to portray it that way. [Austrian Econ is not all too popular these days in the venerable halls of the top departments of Economics, where Mr. Rajan circulates.]
Merijn Knibbe
The elderly plummer example is not really good. Stamp collecting is exactly the kind of thing - a flight into safe assets, remember that stamps are a kind of money - which makes the circular flow of money go of track. Money is not traded for new production - but for existing assets, which interrupts the circular flow and leads to lower expenditure on production and therewith to a lower propensity to invest. Remember that Greek households at this moment are paying down debt (which is of course the safest kind of safe micro asset - but which in our fiat money system this leads, macro, to money destruction...)
Richard Foosion
1) You appear to be saying a group has cut spending, therefore a program aimed at generally increasing demand is suboptimal, because it includes many more than the affected group. However, if the group cuts its spending, then others, perhaps all, have less income. It makes sense to target the second order effect rather than just the first order group.
2) The notion that stimulus to close the gap has driven policy is rather strange. Austerity appears to be the driving force, not traditional Keynesian stimulus.