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Culpar al capitalismo del corporativismo

NUEVA YORK – Se vuelve a preguntar por el futuro del capitalismo. ¿Sobrevivirá a la presente crisis en su forma actual? En caso de que no, ¿se transformará o tomará la iniciativa el Estado?

El término “capitalismo” solía significar un sistema económico en el que el capital y su comercio eran de propiedad privada; correspondía a los propietarios del capital decidir la forma mejor de usarlo y podían recurrir a las previsiones y las ideas creativas de los empresarios y de los pensadores innovadores. Dicho sistema de libertad y responsabilidad individuales daba poco margen para que el Estado influyera en la adopción de decisiones económicas: el éxito significaba beneficios; el fracaso; pérdidas. Las empresas podían existir sólo mientras los individuos libres accedieran a comprar sus productos y, de lo contrario, habían de cerrar rápidamente.

El capitalismo llegó a ser un triunfador mundial en el siglo XIX, cuando desarrolló capacidades para la innovación endémica. Las sociedades que adoptaron el sistema capitalista obtuvieron una prosperidad inigualada, gozaron de una generalizada satisfacción laboral, consiguieron un aumento de la productividad que maravilló al mundo y acabaron con la privación en masa.

Ahora el sistema capitalista se ha corrompido. El Estado gestor ha asumido el cometido de ocuparse de todo: desde los ingresos de la clase media hasta los beneficios de las grandes empresas y el progreso industrial. Sin embargo, el sistema no es capitalismo, sino un orden económico que se remonta a Bismark, al final del siglo XIX, y a Mussolini, en el siglo XX: el corporativismo.

En sus diversas formas, el corporativismo ahoga el dinamismo que contribuye al trabajo atractivo, un crecimiento económico más rápido, mayores oportunidades y menos exclusión. Mantiene empresas letárgicas, despilfarradoras, improductivas y bien relacionadas con el poder a expensas de emprendedores dinámicos y ajenos a él y prefiere objetivos declarados, como, por ejemplo, la industrialización, el desarrollo económico y la grandeza nacional, a la libertad económica y la responsabilidad de los individuos. En la actualidad, se ha llegado a considerar que compañías aéreas, fabricantes de automóviles, empresas agrarias, medios de comunicación, bancos de inversión, fondos de cobertura y muchos más eran demasiado importantes para afrontar por sí solos el mercado libre, por lo que han recibido ayudas del Estado en nombre del “bien público”.

Los costos del corporativismo resultan aparentes a nuestro alrededor: empresas disfuncionales que sobreviven pese a su flagrante incapacidad para servir a sus clientes; economías escleróticas con un lento aumento de la producción; escasez de trabajo atractivo y de oportunidades para los jóvenes; Estados en quiebra por las medidas adoptadas para paliar esos problemas y una concentración en aumento de la riqueza en manos de quienes están lo suficientemente bien relacionados para beneficiarse del pacto corporativista.

Esa substitución del poder de los propietarios y los innovadores por el de los funcionarios estatales es la antítesis del capitalismo y, sin embargo, los defensores y los beneficiarios de este sistema tienen la temeridad de reprochar todos esos fracasos al “imprudente capitalismo” y a la “falta de regulación”, que, según sostienen, necesita mayor supervisión y reglamentación, lo que significa, en realidad, más corporativismo y favoritismo estatal.

Parece improbable que un sistema tan desastroso sea sostenible. El modelo corporativista carece de sentido para las generaciones jóvenes que se han criado usando Internet, el mercado de mercancías e ideas más libre del mundo. El éxito y el fracaso de las empresas en Internet es la mejor publicidad para el mercado libre: los sitios web de redes sociales, por ejemplo, ascienden y caen casi instantáneamente, según sirvan bien o no a sus clientes.

Sitios como, por ejemplo, Friendster y MySpace intentaron conseguir beneficios suplementarios comprometiendo la intimidad de sus usuarios y fueron castigados instantáneamente con el abandono de los usuarios, que optaron por competidores más seguros como Facebook y Twitter. No hizo falta reglamentación estatal alguna para llevar a cabo esa transición; de hecho, si los modernos Estados corporativistas hubieran intentado hacerlo, actualmente estarían apoyando a MySpace con dólares de los contribuyentes y haciendo campaña con la promesa de “reformar” sus características en materia de intimidad.

Internet, como mercado de ideas en gran medida libre, no ha tenido piedad con el corporativismo. Las personas que se criaron con su descentralización y libre competencia de ideas han de considerar ajena a ellas la idea del apoyo estatal a las grandes empresas e industrias. Muchos son los que en los medios de comunicación tradicionales repiten la antigua consigna de que “lo que es bueno para la empresa X es bueno para los Estados Unidos”, pero no es probable que semejante consigna tenga demasiados seguidores en Twitter.

La legitimidad del corporativismo se está erosionando, junto con la salud fiscal de los gobiernos que han contado con él. Si los políticos no pueden revocarlo, el corporativismo se destruirá a sí mismo y quedará enterrado bajo las deudas y las suspensiones de pagos y de los desacreditados escombros corporativistas podría resurgir un sistema capitalista. Entonces “capitalismo” tendría de nuevo su significado verdadero, en lugar del que le han atribuido los corporativistas que procuraban ocultarse tras él y los socialistas que deseaban denigrarlo.

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  1. Commented

    James Scott

    Sir, you have some very well thought ideas, My research has lead me to believe that the rise of modern Corporatism can followed back to WWI. In 1928 the “Red Line” Agreement was signed this later morphs into the modern OPEC with British Petroleum & Exon Mobil acting in behalf of the westerns. Believe it or not Nixon is responsible for most of the modern problems we have. he allowed us to be sucked into the "Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development" (OECD) Other political groups also played a role such as Council On Foreign Relations and the Federal Reserve. These private groups influence government in a way that the small business owner never could, so it was an inevitable shift toward Corporatism. We as a country failed to heed our Founding Fathers warning and thus we have exactly what they predicted here and now. Sorry once i get started its kinda hard to stop this what my research has lead me to believe any way thanks for your time enjoyed your article

  2. Commented

    William Wallace

    You describe a state of affairs yet offer no argument as to how or why corporatism arises. You dismiss the counter-arguments without presenting them, such as the success of China's mercantilism (at least so far.)

    What this article is doing on Project Syndicate is beyond me. Lots of loose opinion and very little, if any, substance. Financed by some looney think tank, perhaps?

  3. Commented

    Train Train

    This paragraph is where you lose me. I agree with everything you say to this point but I don't buy your implicit explanation for how we got to this situation. You seem to blame the typical "bogeyman" of your "free market" ilk -- government and bureaucrats run amok and squelching out individual freedom. However, government has become and instrument of corporations. I would argue that is precisely the influence of corporations on government that has caused this situation. In a corporatist society government is a tool of corporations and other powerful interest groups. They use it to squelch competition and seek rents. Corporatism is created by corporations that use money and influence to gain power and more money at the expense of everyone else. Capitalism thrives in a democracy with clear and fair rules of the game. Corporations dismantled those rules to their own benefit; and the result is the situation we are in. The way out of this is restoring balance and sanity to our democratic institutions by rejecting the corruption of cash contributions to the system.

    1. Commented

      Giovanni Campanella

      Responding to Train Train: "I would argue that is precisely the influence of corporations on government that has caused this situation. In a corporatist society government is a tool of corporations and other powerful interest groups."

      The question is then why do corporations lobby government? Why doesn't Starbucks lobby Microsoft?

      As long as we have a government bigger than its small, moral and legitimate role of protecting only life, liberty and property, you will have a super massive black hole that attracts people of low morality. Big government is the cause for corporatism - a small government that protects your rights has no value towards crony capitalists but a big government with sweeping regulatory powers is a pot of honey. This is because a big government has the moral support of millions of people who confuse it with society and safety instead of what it really is - people with the power to send men with guns to your house if you don't follow the law, no matter how right or wrong it may be.

      With small government there can be no predatory corporations simply because they cannot use the force of the state to eliminate the free market. If the proper role of government was understood by enough people, no power systems would be in place for powerful men to take advantage of. Look at the TARP bailouts for example - in a truly free market, the banks would have failed. What did big government do? It bailed them out with hundreds of billions of the people's money - why? Because it has the public moral support of intervention in the economy - intervention - not to be confused with defense.

      The problem with this conversation is that it has been reduced to a football game between conservative and liberal ideologues. Instead of looking at regulations as misguided intentions for protecting the poor or the unfortunate, it is straw maned into a support for gravy-train goodies and class envy. Instead of looking at free markets as a voluntary exchange of goods and services with a government only big enough to protect your life and property, it is bastardized into a support for fat cats in top hats, a 'dog-eat-dog' world and 'profits are the bottom line' society.

      Overtime, we get attached egoistically to these beliefs and cannot let them go when confronted with rational explanations. That is why many opponents of a free market system confuse corporatism with capitalism intentionally or ignorantly and will not question their faith of the state, the state being the most dangerous item in humanity.

  4. Commented

    Sean Kampstra

    I don't wish to argue, since I clearly don't have the expertise of the authors, but it seems to me that corporatism is an immanation of capitalism. Thus, capitalism is still at fault, the degree of which can be debated. In my understanding, the fault of the authors thesis lies in equating "free market-ism" with capitalism.

    1. Commented

      Giovanni Campanella

      @Sean Kampstra: "...corporatism is an immanation of capitalism. Thus, capitalism is still at fault, the degree of which can be debated."

      The only way corporations can become predatory is through a large state. The state bails them out, grants person-hood to, provides limited liability to, allows them to regulate themselves through appointments to regulatory agencies, etc. If government were only small enough to protect people from crimes and fundamentally rejected the initiation of force in all it's actions, there would be no incentive for companies to lobby government since government would have no power to regulate or intervene in the economy, to subsidize, bail out, grant person-hood to, etc. Since the opposite is true, crony capitalists will always have an interest over government blocking things like: the entry of alternative fuels from entering the market, forcing everyone to purchase health insurance, keeping drugs illegal and waging nonstop warfare overseas.

  5. Commented

    Elizabeth Pula

    My comments are about the article in general and also about Luke Ho-Hyung Lee's remarks (which I thought were real sparks!)
    Ammous mentions interesting stereotypical, or generalized comparisons and information about one word “capitalism” that apparently gets misconstrued and misunderstood by many of us, - especially me. It is easy to project all kinds of “self-positioning” views and comments onto the meaning of his article. He gives a reasonable approach to different understandings and interpretations of one word, systems and infrastructures that develop in the real world because of necessary tasks or desires to survive in a world that is based on any kind of exchanges of any kind of monies.
    As a result of his article, many people made comments and develop different thoughts that may or may not be applied to change how a person then views the world. Now viewing is different than actually changing or influencing anybody or anything to actually do anything any differently. It is also difficult to determine if any changes actually make any resulting new action any better or any worse.
    It is a very complex process, and I could go on and on about little aspects of Ammous article and the word “capitalism” but then any reader would probably start reading something else. Hey, only so much attention can be devoted to only one word, right? Anyway, I especially liked/related to one comment about “supply-chain” activity. This person interjected a very credible issue and probably facts about the “real economy” and “infrastructure” of economies. His/her comments need further development and discussion.
    So, I will quote:lukehlee from 01, Feb, 2012 …. And hey thanks for your words!
    "I believe the existing market (or supply chain) process for the real market has been too heavily efficiency-oriented in the Modern Information Age and no longer suitable for the modern information market. With the real market (or supply chain) process as it exists now, the market as a whole cannot self-generate enough businesses and jobs to keep the level of consumer spending at the desired level, no matter how powerful expansionary or stimulus economic policies are adopted.
    I would strongly suggest you see: (1) “Overcoming an Economic Sisyphean Task – Or, the True Path Back to Economic Prosperity” http://goo.gl/YzSfQ; (2) “The Real Cause of the Current Economic Crisis and a Suggested Solution” http://goo.gl/9y8Uf.
    It is “real market process”."

    Transportation and Communication are the two systems that have historically changed economic opportunities for individual members in societies. Right now, communication technologies can very well be so far advanced, in a way to cause extreme imbalance of opportunities at grass-roots levels for internet startups etc. to allow profits in small-scale entrepreneurial action. Reality is showing us that actually churning money activities for profits on the grass-roots level is minimal. Transportation organizational opportunities to supply and transport goods immediately for grass-roots profits by entrepreneurs may require deliberately fragmenting monopolies that have developed into only allowing profits for relatively few and extremely large corporation operations. Cost and proft margins are being tightened supposedly everywhere. Or perhaps, corruption of the real processes is being disguised on some levels, somehow.
    Today are we really watching a type of predatory plundering that is creating certain profits for certain corporations or people? (Please don’t politicize the words that are describing the process, I’m just trying to focus on a type of process that can and is producing profit, especially in financial services resulting from real trade activities.) However, many of us are caught in a dilemma of being creative, having good ideas, recognizing opportunities exist, etc. while not really having access to any tools to actually materialize our ideas or physically change or do anything to manufacture any products independently etc. Are Angel investors really having significant impact, to generate jobs, and profits in micro-economies? Who is investing in what kind of companies and how is profit being generated? Is community infrastructure benefiting? Maybe nanotechnology development and transportation infrastructure changes could really be a key to develop practical changes to supply-chain limitations. Transportation issues pose risk and cost factors that definitely affect manufacturing and exchange of any goods for any money. Monopolies are also an important concept to examine with all the ramifications and political necessities that can affect so many people.
    What if we are only dealing with “rolling financial crises” that allow oligarchs, or plutocrats, etc.(whatever labels any one wants to use) that really causes large population groups to be impoverished and left to survive and scramble for survival in more and more failed states? What is effectively being created? It looks to me that a regeneration of modern day enslavement of large population groups can be a very ugly and very real issue. Is enslavement isolated to only a few failed states or is enslavement actually prospering and becoming the new normal within failed states, as failed states become the new normal for nation? Who profits in the process?
    To quote from original article: “success meant profits; failure meant losses. Corporations could exist only as long as free individuals willingly purchased their goods – and would go out of business quickly otherwise.” Are we willingly purchasing corporate goods? Who is bearing the results of corporate losses? When? Where? How?
    Who is free to purchase what? Who is going out of business?
    What new businesses are being created and are really profitable?
    Who creates, who profits, who does what based on what statistics? Who has access to any and what kind of statistics?
    Who is profiting from the “public good” and who cares? Who can care?

  6. Commented

    Luke Ho-Hyung Lee

    So, the authors are insisting that it is “corporatism”. Simply, I do not agree with them, because I think there is something more important than corporatism. They have not considered this at all in their ruminations about the economy. What is that? That is the real market (or supply chain) process as the bloodstream of the real market or economy.

    I believe the existing market (or supply chain) process for the real market has been too heavily efficiency-oriented in the Modern Information Age and no longer suitable for the modern information market. With the real market (or supply chain) process as it exists now, the market as a whole cannot self-generate enough businesses and jobs to keep the level of consumer spending at the desired level, no matter how powerful expansionary or stimulus economic policies are adopted.

    I would strongly suggest you see: (1) “Overcoming an Economic Sisyphean Task – Or, the True Path Back to Economic Prosperity” http://goo.gl/YzSfQ; (2) “The Real Cause of the Current Economic Crisis and a Suggested Solution” http://goo.gl/9y8Uf.

    It is “real market process”, not "corporatism".

  7. Commented
    100%

    Philosopher's Beard

    Capitalism circa 1800 was deeply corrupt - that was a central part of Adam Smith's message. There was for example the travesty of slavery as a central institution of the global economy and the minor fact that the sub-continent of India was 'owned' by a private company. It was the intervention of democratic politics that ended those excesses. Yes there is a tension between democratic politics and the economy, but it is a productive and necessary one.

    http://www.philosophersbeard.org/2011/01/politics-vs-economics.html

    1. Commented

      Giovanni Campanella

      @Philosopher's Beard: "Capitalism circa 1800 was deeply corrupt - that was a central part of Adam Smith's message. There was for example the travesty of slavery as a central institution of the global economy and the minor fact that the sub-continent of India was 'owned' by a private company. It was the intervention of democratic politics that ended those excesses. Yes there is a tension between democratic politics and the economy, but it is a productive and necessary one."

      Owning another human being is not an example of capitalism because it isn't a free exchange of goods, labor or services - it isn't free because the slave is denied the free exercise over the ownership of his or her body - the body being the rightful property of the person living inside it. Slavery existed because it was allowed legislatively and it wasn't understood by enough people that you cannot morally own another human being.

      On top of that, any government action that protects life, your liberty and what you justifiably own as property is a legitimate one and doesn't illuminate any faults with capitalism. If that were the case, you wouldn't be debating small government libertarians, you would be debating anarchists.

  8. Commented

    Jake Tamarkin

    Perhaps the primary cause of corporate mismanagement is the principal-agent conflict. With fully two-thirds of the S&P 500 boards chaired by their CEO, one would be excused for believing that the fox is guarding the best hen-house. Meanwhile, too often it seems like the rest of the board acts like an incestuous rubber stamp, and shareholders have little recourse but to check out (no wonder stock returns are lagging profit growth!).

    Once we get this much right, I'll join you on your anti-government crusade. Until then, your argument sounds like a tortured case of retrofitting reason to justify your ideology.

    1. Commented

      Giovanni Campanella

      No one is providing an anti-government position. The only thing being provided is the distinction between the merger of corporate and state power (corporatism) and the free exchange of goods and services with a government only big enough to protect your rights (capitalism).


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