NEW YORK – Nad budoucností kapitalismu opět visí otazník. Přežije probíhající krizi ve své současné podobě? Pokud ne, transformuje se sám, nebo se vedení ujmou vlády?
Pojem „kapitalismus“ kdysi označoval ekonomický systém, v němž kapitál vlastnili a obchodovali s ním soukromníci; majitelé kapitálu sami posuzovali, jak jej nejlépe využít, a mohli čerpat z prozíravosti a tvůrčích nápadů podnikatelů a novátorských myslitelů. Tento systém osobní svobody a osobní zodpovědnosti dával vládě malý prostor k ovlivňování ekonomického rozhodování: úspěch znamenal zisky, neúspěch ztráty. Korporace mohly existovat, jen pokud svobodní jednotlivci dobrovolně kupovali jejich zboží – jinak by rychle zkrachovaly.
Světovou jedničkou se kapitalismus stal počátkem 19. století, kdy tříbil kapacity pro domácí inovace. Společnosti, které zavedly kapitalistický systém, získaly bezkonkurenční prosperitu, těšily se z široké pracovní spokojenosti, zajistily si růst produktivity, který byl divem světa, a skoncovaly s masovou nouzí.
Dnes už je kapitalistický systém narušený. Manažerský stát si přisvojil zodpovědnost za péči o vše od příjmů středních tříd přes ziskovost velkých korporací až po průmyslový pokrok. Tento systém však už není kapitalismem, ale spíš se jedná o ekonomický řád vycházející z Bismarcka konce devatenáctého století a Mussoliniho století dvacátého: korporativismus.
Korporativismus různými způsoby tlumí dynamiku, která přispívá k přitažlivosti práce, rychlejšímu hospodářskému růstu a silnějším příležitostem a inkluzivitě. Zachovává strnulé, nehospodárné, neproduktivní a dobře zaháčkované firmy na úkor dynamických nováčků a cizinců a upřednostňuje deklarované cíle jako industrializaci, hospodářský rozvoj a národní velikost oproti ekonomické svobodě a odpovědnosti jednotlivce. V dnešním světě se aerolinie, automobilky, agropodniky, média, investiční banky, hedžové fondy a mnohé další společnosti v určitý okamžik považovaly za příliš významné, než aby s volným trhem zápasily samy, a tak jim vlády ve jménu „veřejného blaha“ podaly pomocnou ruku.
Cena za korporativismus je vidět všude kolem nás: dysfunkční korporace, které přežívají navzdory své hrubé neschopnosti sloužit zákazníkům, zkornatělé ekonomiky typické pomalým růstem výstupu, nouzí o poutavou práci a skrovnými příležitostmi pro mladé lidi, vlády krachující kvůli svým snahám tyto problémy tišit a sílící koncentrace majetku v rukou těch, kdo jsou dostatečně úzce napojeni na správnou stranu korporativistické dohody.
Přesun moci od majitelů a novátorů ke státním úředníkům je protikladem kapitalismu. Přesto mají apologeti tohoto systému a poživatelé jeho výhod troufalost dávat všechny tyto nezdary za vinu „bezohlednému kapitalismu“ a „nedostatečné regulaci“, které podle jejich názoru vyžadují silnější dozor a regulaci, což ovšem ve skutečnosti znamená více korporativismu a systematické státní protekce.
Zdá se nepravděpodobné, že by tak katastrofální systém byl udržitelný. Mladším generacím, které vyrostly s internetem, nejsvobodnějším trhem zboží a myšlenek na světě, korporativistický model nedává smysl. Úspěch a neúspěch firem na internetu je nejlepší reklamou volného trhu: weby sociálních sítí například rostou a padají téměř v mžiku, podle toho jak dobře slouží svým zákazníkům.
Weby jako Friendster a MySpace chtěly těžit zisk navíc porušováním soukromí svých uživatelů a byly okamžitě ztrestány, když je uživatelé opustili a přesunuli se k relativně bezpečnějším konkurentům, jako je Facebook a Twitter. K realizaci této transformace nebylo zapotřebí vládních regulací; ostatně kdyby se o to moderní korporativistické státy pokusily, dnes by z peněz daňových poplatníků podporovaly MySpace a vedly kampaň založenou na slibu, že ochranu soukromí na této platformě „zreformují“.
Internet, toto značně svobodné tržiště myšlenek, neprokazuje korporativismu vlídnost. Lidem, kteří dospěli s myšlenkami decentralizace a svobodné soutěže, musí být cizí představa státní podpory pro velké firmy a průmyslová odvětví. Leckdo v tradičních médiích opakuje odrhovačku, že „co je dobré je firmu X, je dobré pro Ameriku,“ ale není příliš pravděpodobné, že bychom zaznamenali její popularitu na Twitteru.
Legitimita korporativismu se rozpadá společně s fiskálním zdravím vlád, které na něj spoléhají. Pokud politici nedokážou korporativismus zapudit, pohřbí sám sebe v dluzích a úpadcích a z popela zdiskreditovaného korporativismu by mohl povstat kapitalistický systém. Pak by snad „kapitalismus“ opět měl svůj skutečný význam a zbavil by se těch, jež mu přiřkli korporativisté, kteří se za něj snaží schovat, a socialisté, kteří jej s oblibou haní.


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Elizabeth Pula
My comments are about the article in general and also about Luke Ho-Hyung Lee's remarks (which I thought were real sparks!)
Ammous mentions interesting stereotypical, or generalized comparisons and information about one word “capitalism” that apparently gets misconstrued and misunderstood by many of us, - especially me. It is easy to project all kinds of “self-positioning” views and comments onto the meaning of his article. He gives a reasonable approach to different understandings and interpretations of one word, systems and infrastructures that develop in the real world because of necessary tasks or desires to survive in a world that is based on any kind of exchanges of any kind of monies.
As a result of his article, many people made comments and develop different thoughts that may or may not be applied to change how a person then views the world. Now viewing is different than actually changing or influencing anybody or anything to actually do anything any differently. It is also difficult to determine if any changes actually make any resulting new action any better or any worse.
It is a very complex process, and I could go on and on about little aspects of Ammous article and the word “capitalism” but then any reader would probably start reading something else. Hey, only so much attention can be devoted to only one word, right? Anyway, I especially liked/related to one comment about “supply-chain” activity. This person interjected a very credible issue and probably facts about the “real economy” and “infrastructure” of economies. His/her comments need further development and discussion.
So, I will quote:lukehlee from 01, Feb, 2012 …. And hey thanks for your words!
"I believe the existing market (or supply chain) process for the real market has been too heavily efficiency-oriented in the Modern Information Age and no longer suitable for the modern information market. With the real market (or supply chain) process as it exists now, the market as a whole cannot self-generate enough businesses and jobs to keep the level of consumer spending at the desired level, no matter how powerful expansionary or stimulus economic policies are adopted.
I would strongly suggest you see: (1) “Overcoming an Economic Sisyphean Task – Or, the True Path Back to Economic Prosperity” http://goo.gl/YzSfQ; (2) “The Real Cause of the Current Economic Crisis and a Suggested Solution” http://goo.gl/9y8Uf.
It is “real market process”."
Transportation and Communication are the two systems that have historically changed economic opportunities for individual members in societies. Right now, communication technologies can very well be so far advanced, in a way to cause extreme imbalance of opportunities at grass-roots levels for internet startups etc. to allow profits in small-scale entrepreneurial action. Reality is showing us that actually churning money activities for profits on the grass-roots level is minimal. Transportation organizational opportunities to supply and transport goods immediately for grass-roots profits by entrepreneurs may require deliberately fragmenting monopolies that have developed into only allowing profits for relatively few and extremely large corporation operations. Cost and proft margins are being tightened supposedly everywhere. Or perhaps, corruption of the real processes is being disguised on some levels, somehow.
Today are we really watching a type of predatory plundering that is creating certain profits for certain corporations or people? (Please don’t politicize the words that are describing the process, I’m just trying to focus on a type of process that can and is producing profit, especially in financial services resulting from real trade activities.) However, many of us are caught in a dilemma of being creative, having good ideas, recognizing opportunities exist, etc. while not really having access to any tools to actually materialize our ideas or physically change or do anything to manufacture any products independently etc. Are Angel investors really having significant impact, to generate jobs, and profits in micro-economies? Who is investing in what kind of companies and how is profit being generated? Is community infrastructure benefiting? Maybe nanotechnology development and transportation infrastructure changes could really be a key to develop practical changes to supply-chain limitations. Transportation issues pose risk and cost factors that definitely affect manufacturing and exchange of any goods for any money. Monopolies are also an important concept to examine with all the ramifications and political necessities that can affect so many people.
What if we are only dealing with “rolling financial crises” that allow oligarchs, or plutocrats, etc.(whatever labels any one wants to use) that really causes large population groups to be impoverished and left to survive and scramble for survival in more and more failed states? What is effectively being created? It looks to me that a regeneration of modern day enslavement of large population groups can be a very ugly and very real issue. Is enslavement isolated to only a few failed states or is enslavement actually prospering and becoming the new normal within failed states, as failed states become the new normal for nation? Who profits in the process?
To quote from original article: “success meant profits; failure meant losses. Corporations could exist only as long as free individuals willingly purchased their goods – and would go out of business quickly otherwise.” Are we willingly purchasing corporate goods? Who is bearing the results of corporate losses? When? Where? How?
Who is free to purchase what? Who is going out of business?
What new businesses are being created and are really profitable?
Who creates, who profits, who does what based on what statistics? Who has access to any and what kind of statistics?
Who is profiting from the “public good” and who cares? Who can care?
Luke Ho-Hyung Lee
So, the authors are insisting that it is “corporatism”. Simply, I do not agree with them, because I think there is something more important than corporatism. They have not considered this at all in their ruminations about the economy. What is that? That is the real market (or supply chain) process as the bloodstream of the real market or economy.
I believe the existing market (or supply chain) process for the real market has been too heavily efficiency-oriented in the Modern Information Age and no longer suitable for the modern information market. With the real market (or supply chain) process as it exists now, the market as a whole cannot self-generate enough businesses and jobs to keep the level of consumer spending at the desired level, no matter how powerful expansionary or stimulus economic policies are adopted.
I would strongly suggest you see: (1) “Overcoming an Economic Sisyphean Task – Or, the True Path Back to Economic Prosperity” http://goo.gl/YzSfQ; (2) “The Real Cause of the Current Economic Crisis and a Suggested Solution” http://goo.gl/9y8Uf.
It is “real market process”, not "corporatism".
Philosopher's Beard
Capitalism circa 1800 was deeply corrupt - that was a central part of Adam Smith's message. There was for example the travesty of slavery as a central institution of the global economy and the minor fact that the sub-continent of India was 'owned' by a private company. It was the intervention of democratic politics that ended those excesses. Yes there is a tension between democratic politics and the economy, but it is a productive and necessary one.
http://www.philosophersbeard.org/2011/01/politics-vs-economics.html
Jake Tamarkin
Perhaps the primary cause of corporate mismanagement is the principal-agent conflict. With fully two-thirds of the S&P 500 boards chaired by their CEO, one would be excused for believing that the fox is guarding the best hen-house. Meanwhile, too often it seems like the rest of the board acts like an incestuous rubber stamp, and shareholders have little recourse but to check out (no wonder stock returns are lagging profit growth!).
Once we get this much right, I'll join you on your anti-government crusade. Until then, your argument sounds like a tortured case of retrofitting reason to justify your ideology.