纽约——资本主义的未来再一次成为了疑问。资本主义可以从现阶段危机中存活吗?如果不能,资本主义会发生演变吗?政府会在其中起到领导作用吗?
“资本主义”一词意指一种经济制度,在这种制度中,资本为私人拥有和交易;资本的所有者判断资本的最佳用途,在做出判断时,他们可以参考企业家和创新思想家的预测和创造性思维。这一个体自由和各自负责的制度基本扼杀了政府对经济决策施加影响的空间:成功必获利,失败必损失。公司只有在自由的个人愿意购买其产品的情况下才能存活,否则的话,就会很快倒闭。
19世纪,资本主义由于开发了普遍的创新能力而开始通行全世界。采用资本主义制度的社会获得了无与伦比的繁荣,人人都能得到工作上的餍足,生产率的增长日新月异,大面积贫困的现象被消除了。
如今,资本主义制度发生了变质。人们开始认为,管理型国家有责任照顾一切,从中产阶级的收入到大公司的盈利能力以及产业升级,无所不包。但是,这样的制度不是资本主义,而是一种可以追溯到19世纪末期的俾斯麦和20世纪的墨索里尼的经济秩序:社团主义。
社团主义从多个角度扼杀了让人振奋的工作、高速经济增长、更大的机会和更好地融入经济所需要的动态链。社团主义是无生气、不节约、低效率、彼此根盘节错的企业产生的温床,而其代价则是有活力的新来者和外来者被阻挡在外。社团主义醉心于宣布目标,比如工业化、经济发展、国家高于个人经济自由和责任等等。如今,航空、汽车、农业、媒体、投资银行、对冲基金和其他多个行业被认为非常重要,不能让它们暴露在自由市场的竞争中,因此它们接受着打着“公共品”旗号的政府援助。
社团主义的成本随处可见:根本不能满足客户需求但仍然存活的低效率公司、产出增长缓慢的僵化经济、令人乏味的工作、年轻人机会渺茫、为了掩盖这些问题而最终走向破产的政府,以及财富向那些关系够硬、在社团主义交易中站对阵营者的不断集中。
这一权力从所有者和创新者向国家官僚的转移和资本主义是南辕北辙的。然而,社团主义的辩护者和既得利益者总是轻率地将其失败之处归咎于“鲁莽的资本主义”和“监管缺失”,大谈加强监督和监管——实际上便是社团主义国进民退的代名词。
如此糟糕的制度是不可持续的。社团主义模式对于使用互联网、享受全世界商品和思想的自由市场成长起来的年青一代来说一无是处。互联网上的企业兴衰是对自由市场最好的宣传:比如,社交网络网站的兴衰几乎是同时发生着,取决于它们能否更好地服务客户。
Friendster和MySpace等网站在用户隐私方面不太干净,以此寻求额外利润。但此举立刻遭到了用户的惩罚:用户抛弃它们,转而使用Facebook和Twitter等更安全的竞争对手。这样的转变根本无需政府监管来引导;事实上,如果现代社团主义国家试图这样做的话,到现在它们就将不得不一边用纳税人的钱来支持MySpace,一边信誓旦旦地宣布要对其隐私功能实施“改革”。
互联网是思想的自由市场,断然拒绝了社团主义。伴随着互联网的分散化和自由竞争思想成长起来的人一定会不容于国家支持大型企业和产业的观点。不少传统媒体一再强调“对X公司有利就是对美国有利”这样的老生常谈,但在Twitter上,你是不可能看到这种趋势的。
社团主义的正统性正在随其所依赖的政府的财政健康状况的下降而消失。如果政客不能废除社团主义,那么社团主义将在债务和违约中葬送自己,而资本主义制度能够从名誉扫地的社团主义废墟中重生。因此,“资本主义”将再一次回归真正含义,不再成为社团主义者的画皮,不再受到社会主义者的中伤。


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Elizabeth Pula
My comments are about the article in general and also about Luke Ho-Hyung Lee's remarks (which I thought were real sparks!)
Ammous mentions interesting stereotypical, or generalized comparisons and information about one word “capitalism” that apparently gets misconstrued and misunderstood by many of us, - especially me. It is easy to project all kinds of “self-positioning” views and comments onto the meaning of his article. He gives a reasonable approach to different understandings and interpretations of one word, systems and infrastructures that develop in the real world because of necessary tasks or desires to survive in a world that is based on any kind of exchanges of any kind of monies.
As a result of his article, many people made comments and develop different thoughts that may or may not be applied to change how a person then views the world. Now viewing is different than actually changing or influencing anybody or anything to actually do anything any differently. It is also difficult to determine if any changes actually make any resulting new action any better or any worse.
It is a very complex process, and I could go on and on about little aspects of Ammous article and the word “capitalism” but then any reader would probably start reading something else. Hey, only so much attention can be devoted to only one word, right? Anyway, I especially liked/related to one comment about “supply-chain” activity. This person interjected a very credible issue and probably facts about the “real economy” and “infrastructure” of economies. His/her comments need further development and discussion.
So, I will quote:lukehlee from 01, Feb, 2012 …. And hey thanks for your words!
"I believe the existing market (or supply chain) process for the real market has been too heavily efficiency-oriented in the Modern Information Age and no longer suitable for the modern information market. With the real market (or supply chain) process as it exists now, the market as a whole cannot self-generate enough businesses and jobs to keep the level of consumer spending at the desired level, no matter how powerful expansionary or stimulus economic policies are adopted.
I would strongly suggest you see: (1) “Overcoming an Economic Sisyphean Task – Or, the True Path Back to Economic Prosperity” http://goo.gl/YzSfQ; (2) “The Real Cause of the Current Economic Crisis and a Suggested Solution” http://goo.gl/9y8Uf.
It is “real market process”."
Transportation and Communication are the two systems that have historically changed economic opportunities for individual members in societies. Right now, communication technologies can very well be so far advanced, in a way to cause extreme imbalance of opportunities at grass-roots levels for internet startups etc. to allow profits in small-scale entrepreneurial action. Reality is showing us that actually churning money activities for profits on the grass-roots level is minimal. Transportation organizational opportunities to supply and transport goods immediately for grass-roots profits by entrepreneurs may require deliberately fragmenting monopolies that have developed into only allowing profits for relatively few and extremely large corporation operations. Cost and proft margins are being tightened supposedly everywhere. Or perhaps, corruption of the real processes is being disguised on some levels, somehow.
Today are we really watching a type of predatory plundering that is creating certain profits for certain corporations or people? (Please don’t politicize the words that are describing the process, I’m just trying to focus on a type of process that can and is producing profit, especially in financial services resulting from real trade activities.) However, many of us are caught in a dilemma of being creative, having good ideas, recognizing opportunities exist, etc. while not really having access to any tools to actually materialize our ideas or physically change or do anything to manufacture any products independently etc. Are Angel investors really having significant impact, to generate jobs, and profits in micro-economies? Who is investing in what kind of companies and how is profit being generated? Is community infrastructure benefiting? Maybe nanotechnology development and transportation infrastructure changes could really be a key to develop practical changes to supply-chain limitations. Transportation issues pose risk and cost factors that definitely affect manufacturing and exchange of any goods for any money. Monopolies are also an important concept to examine with all the ramifications and political necessities that can affect so many people.
What if we are only dealing with “rolling financial crises” that allow oligarchs, or plutocrats, etc.(whatever labels any one wants to use) that really causes large population groups to be impoverished and left to survive and scramble for survival in more and more failed states? What is effectively being created? It looks to me that a regeneration of modern day enslavement of large population groups can be a very ugly and very real issue. Is enslavement isolated to only a few failed states or is enslavement actually prospering and becoming the new normal within failed states, as failed states become the new normal for nation? Who profits in the process?
To quote from original article: “success meant profits; failure meant losses. Corporations could exist only as long as free individuals willingly purchased their goods – and would go out of business quickly otherwise.” Are we willingly purchasing corporate goods? Who is bearing the results of corporate losses? When? Where? How?
Who is free to purchase what? Who is going out of business?
What new businesses are being created and are really profitable?
Who creates, who profits, who does what based on what statistics? Who has access to any and what kind of statistics?
Who is profiting from the “public good” and who cares? Who can care?
Luke Ho-Hyung Lee
So, the authors are insisting that it is “corporatism”. Simply, I do not agree with them, because I think there is something more important than corporatism. They have not considered this at all in their ruminations about the economy. What is that? That is the real market (or supply chain) process as the bloodstream of the real market or economy.
I believe the existing market (or supply chain) process for the real market has been too heavily efficiency-oriented in the Modern Information Age and no longer suitable for the modern information market. With the real market (or supply chain) process as it exists now, the market as a whole cannot self-generate enough businesses and jobs to keep the level of consumer spending at the desired level, no matter how powerful expansionary or stimulus economic policies are adopted.
I would strongly suggest you see: (1) “Overcoming an Economic Sisyphean Task – Or, the True Path Back to Economic Prosperity” http://goo.gl/YzSfQ; (2) “The Real Cause of the Current Economic Crisis and a Suggested Solution” http://goo.gl/9y8Uf.
It is “real market process”, not "corporatism".
Philosopher's Beard
Capitalism circa 1800 was deeply corrupt - that was a central part of Adam Smith's message. There was for example the travesty of slavery as a central institution of the global economy and the minor fact that the sub-continent of India was 'owned' by a private company. It was the intervention of democratic politics that ended those excesses. Yes there is a tension between democratic politics and the economy, but it is a productive and necessary one.
http://www.philosophersbeard.org/2011/01/politics-vs-economics.html
Jake Tamarkin
Perhaps the primary cause of corporate mismanagement is the principal-agent conflict. With fully two-thirds of the S&P 500 boards chaired by their CEO, one would be excused for believing that the fox is guarding the best hen-house. Meanwhile, too often it seems like the rest of the board acts like an incestuous rubber stamp, and shareholders have little recourse but to check out (no wonder stock returns are lagging profit growth!).
Once we get this much right, I'll join you on your anti-government crusade. Until then, your argument sounds like a tortured case of retrofitting reason to justify your ideology.