Exit from comment view mode. Click to hide this space
Email | Print

美国的三大赤字

伯克利——新年伊始的一系列报告都在令人兴奋地表明,美国经济复苏得到了提振。就业岗位创造速度增加了,制造业和服务业指标改善了,消费支出也要强于预期。但是,不要高兴得太早了。

美国的产出增长依然相当低迷,美国经济依然面临三大赤字:就业赤字、投资赤字和长期财政赤字,这三大赤字都不可能在选举年得到解决。

尽管如今产出已经高于2007年第四季度,但仍要比劳动力和产能充分调动情形低很多。其中的缺口——即实际产出和潜在产出之差——大约在GDP的7%(1万亿美元)以上。

产出缺口反映了超过1 200万的就业赤字,即使就业率达到2007年顶峰时期的水平并吸收每个月进入劳动力市场的125 000人所需要增加的就业量。即使2012年经济增长如许多人预计的那样达到2.5%,就业赤字仍然无法消除,可能将一直持续到2024年。

美国就业赤字的主因是总需求不足。占美国总支出水平七成的消费受高失业、低工资增长和房价及消费者财富快速缩水的约束。2011年12月消费水平的上升是受家庭储蓄下降和消费信贷大增的提振。这两个趋势都不是健康趋势,也不可能持续。

目前失业率高达8.5%,劳动市场参与率只有64%,真实工资一直停滞不前,这导致劳动收入占国民收入的比重只有44%,为历史最低值。劳动收入是家庭收入的最重要组成部分,也是消费支出的主要推动力。

在大衰退之前,美国工人和家庭便已经陷入了困境。2000—2007年就业增长率较之前30年下降了整整一半。生产率的增长相当强劲,但远远超出了工资增长,而工人的平均真实时薪在下降,即使是大学生也无法幸免。

事实上,2000—2007年这段时期只是中位家庭真实收入下降趋势中的一次反弹。此外,就业机会继续呈现两极分化的态势,高收入的专业、技术和管理职位,以及低工资的食品服务、个人看护和防护职位的数量在增长。

相反,技能要求中等的白领和蓝领职位在减少,尤其是制造业职位。压力重重的美国家庭不得不削减储蓄率、用房屋所有权作抵押借贷,以债务的增加为代价维持消费水平,这导致了房地产和信贷泡沫。2008年,这一泡沫破裂,此后便开始了痛苦的去杠杆化过程。

三大因素导致了美国劳动力市场的有害结构变化:

·         基于技能的技术变迁,即传统工作的自动化和至少需要本科学历的高技能员工需求增加同时发生。

·         贸易和外包带来的全球劳动市场竞争和一体化减少了就业岗位,压低了工资。

·         美国竞争力下降,不再具有对生产和岗位的吸引力。

技术变迁和全球化在其他发达国家也造成了类似的劳动力市场挑战。但美国竞争力下降却是政策选择的结果。

特别是,在创造和维持高工资岗位等方面,美国在三个领域上投资不足:技能与培训、基础设施,以及研发。美国政府在这三个领域的支出只有总支出的不到10%,而且这一比重还在不断下降。当前,联邦政府能够以极低利率借钱,而在教育、基础设施和研究领域,有很多项目都能带来较高的回报、立刻产生新增就业并提振美国吸引高工资岗位的竞争力。

奥巴马总统提出了大量方案投资于美国国家竞争力基础,但国会中的共和党拒绝了这些方案,他们说,美国的当务之急的财政危机。事实上,在2030年上升到不可持续水平之前,联邦赤字占GDP的比重将在未来数年内大幅下降,就算没有进一步的赤字削减手段也是如此。

美国确实面临着长期财政赤字问题,这是由上涨的医保成本和老龄化的人口导致的。但当前财政赤字主要是由税收收入不足造成的,其原因是低增长、高失业以及在总需求依然疲软的情况下,暂时性刺激措施到期、需要投入新的刺激措施。

无论如何,为了保证美国经济今年能有2.5%的增长,奥巴马所提出的工资税削减和失业救济方案应该延期到今年年底。这些措施能够为脆弱的复苏上保险,而对长期财政缺口毫无影响。

那么,如何解决美国经济的就业赤字、投资池子和长期财政赤字呢?

决策者应该在财政政策方面双管齐下,在当下消除就业和投资池子,同时提出一个多年计划逐渐削减长期财政赤字。这一长期计划应该增加教育、基础设施和研究方面的支出,同时限制医保支出的进一步增长(比如通过奥巴马医疗改革立法中提出的成本限制机制)。

现在就通过长期赤字削减计划,但推迟到经济达到接近充分就业时再实施,这样可以防止财政收缩操之过急,把经济重新拖入衰退。事实上,颁布这一揽子计划可以大小投资者对未来赤字的担忧,提振消费者和商业信心,从而增加产出和就业。

怎样填补长期财政缺口?痛苦的选择应该马上做出,并等到经济复苏后大力推行。但是,在未来几年中,财政政策的额当务之急是就业、投资和增长。

Reprinting material from this Web site without written consent from Project Syndicate is a violation of international copyright law. To secure permission, please contact us.

Exit from comment view mode. Click to hide this space

Comments (0)

You need to login in order to leave a comment. If you do not yet have an account, please register.

Show comments of
close

The two commenting options explained

Watch a 1 minute video
to discover how you can comment on the entire article or a specific paragraph. The two images below also explain the two ways of commenting.

1) Entire article comment
Once logged in, simply click inside the comment box where it says "Enter text here." Enter and post your comment.

2) Paragraph comment
Please log in first. Then click to the left of the desired paragraph. Your cursor will automatically move to the comments box. Enter and post your comment.

  1. Commented

    parthasarathy Shakkottai

    Bushido, the warrior code says:
    1. Think of what is right and true.
    2. Put the science into practice.
    3. Become acquainted with the arts.
    4. Understand the negative and positive qualities in everything.
    5. Learn to see everything accurately.
    6. Become aware of what is not obvious.
    7. Be careful even in small matters.
    8. Don’t do anything useless.
    This is about items 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 for people who dabble in economy like me.

    The biggest problem in public analysis is the economic illiteracy of mainstream media, congress, president and neo-liberal economists who confuse the budgets of USA (the currency issuer) with budgets of everybody else (currency users). Scare words like “unsustainable debt”, “living beyond our means”, “debt crisis” etc. are used and comparisons made to household budgets, a totally incorrect analogy. The dollar is basically a token that keeps the economy running.
    Modern Monetary Theory is true. Lots of data is conformity with it. Deficits are good, surplus is bad, govt debt implies private sector wealth, national debt need not be paid back, USA does not need taxes to spend, the debt/GDP does not mean anything for a monetarily sovereign nation, China does not fund our economy, inflation is not a risk until full employment is reached, USA can afford to bailout the states and stop all austerity. Almost everything said in the mainstream media is wrong. The congress and the president repeat talking point economics as does Fox News. It is a shame!
    Income taxes play a minor role in macroeconomics. There is no urgency in fixing taxation. It is a major distraction to allow any useful action. Immediate deficit funding is what is required. Taxation has a role in income equality and inflation control and can be attended to later because right now the plutocracy is in control. Government creates money and the economy uses it. http://pshakkottai.wordpress.com/2011/11/23/how-the-economy-works-a-diagram/
    a) Federal Deficits – Net Imports = Net Private Savings is strictly true.
    Government creates money and the economy uses it. http://pshakkottai.wordpress.com/2011/11/23/how-the-economy-works-a-diagram/
    a) Federal Deficits – Net Imports = Net Private Savings is strictly true. Govt “debt” is the sum of all deficits and appears on one side of the equation whereas the private sector “debt” means negative savings. Govt deficit is the source of money.
    Govt “debt” is the same as private savings. These are in the form of the govt bonds held by citizens, pension funds and so on. If the national debt is paid off lots of citizens will be unhappy. The interest also flows into the private sector. The two key equations in economics which apply to any system of govt are a) and b):
    A numerical proof of (a) is shown in figure 4 of http://pragcap.com/resources/understanding-modern-monetary-system
    b) Gross Domestic Product = Federal Spending + Private Investment + Private Consumption + Net exports.
    The GDP has been approximately 5 times govt spending. Actual data is in
    http://pshakkottai.wordpress.com/2011/10/16/
    http://www.davemanuel.com/charts2/surpluses_and_deficits_1940-2011.html shows deficits have been quite common (58 deficits out of 70 years)
    The household net worth of USA is $58.5 Trillion. The national debt is $14 T. GDP is about the same, $14T/yr. The ratio of GDP/yr to govt spending/yr has been about 5 over the years. The same ratio holds for household net worth to national debt.
    The currency issuer is the monopoly producer of money and, just as every asset has a liability, also results in government liabilities. The issuer's liabilities, or "debt", is a digital account of the currency supply used by the currency users. To a fiat currency issuer, the currency supply is a digital accounting tool, not an asset in and of itself. The currency supply is simply the bookkeeping records corresponding to all the currency users’ savings in banknotes, deposits, and treasuries.
    Money functions as both a store of value and a medium of exchange. When users acquire dollars they can spend them for items in the marketplace or choose to save them as banknotes, deposits, and treasuries.
    The more users choose to save the more "debt" the issuer takes on. A common misconception is that currency issuers "borrow" money. The issuer does not borrow because it is the monopoly producer of the currency - the money that currency users spend or save. This is simply double entry accounting.
    Savings by currency users, domestic or foreign, is a straightforward concept on an individual level but becomes counter intuitive on a macro level." from
    http://dollarmonopoly.blogspot.com/p/issuer-user-paradigm.html”
    Which has nice sketches to explain MMT.

  2. Commented

    William Wallace

    Spot on. The real question that plagues us, however, is how to make political and economic debate rational again, else ideas such as these will remain stellar, yet unheeded, blog posts.

    I fear that until the Citizens United decision is reversed, and media de-oligopolized, we're going to have a hard time of it.

  3. Commented

    Paul A. Myers

    I would like to see a broad-based progressive policy debate in the United States by economic progressives centered on an immediate $1 trillion public works program as part of a multi-trillion dollar, multi-year investment approach to more research, more investment in educational skills, and progressive employment practices that ensure low-wage jobs carry reasonable health insurance.

    Strong arguments should be taken to the American public that taking on public debt to build public assets is the "smart play" to gain future competitive advantages for the American economy, to make sure America comes out the "winner" in the future competition with the new emerging countries.

    A clear argument needs to be made that the only way to turn around the decade-long decline in average median wages, and the decline in purchasing power for the majority of American households, is through first massive investments in public infrastructure that impact private sector productivity and then improved skills-based education in the medium term--smarter plumbers, smarter physicists.

    A clear argument needs to be made that improving average real wages and family real incomes does not come from tax cuts at the top, that a billionaire-based economy is not a middle class economy.

    It is long since past time to take the progressive arguments straight against the economic reactionaries and brand the economic royalists for what they are.

    And since the economic royalists are running their poster boy for president this year, what better time to take the good arguments, the sound reasoning to the American public.

    And can we stop talking about the debt we're going to leave to our children and start talking about the assets and opportunities that we are going to bequeath to them.

Top Project Syndicate commentaries

Email this article

Your name is required.

Your email is required.


Your friend's name is required.

Your friend's email is required.


A message is required.