布鲁塞尔—光靠紧缩无法解决欧洲的经济和金融危机。增长和就业需要双管齐下。欧盟领导人现在已经意识到了这一点,在2012年重振增长将是1月30日欧盟委员会会议的有限日程项目。但仍有一个大问题没有解决:如何重振增长?
显然,我们需要立刻采取行动。欧元区在2011年第四季度出现了收缩,就连德国也未能幸免。2012年看起来也不太妙。法国和英国步履维艰。意大利和西班牙已经陷入了深度衰退。希腊将步入第五个衰退之年。欧元区失业率创出了历史新高,在西班牙和希腊,每两个年轻人中就有一个找不到工作。
经济所面临的困难是巨大的:财政紧缩、AAA以下级别国家的高利率、银行信用的削减、家庭的去杠杆化、疲软的私人部门投资以及因全球减速影响需求而导致的出口下降。
除非增长获得重振,否则任何暂时性的财政稳定都是非常脆弱的。衰退将冲击银行和政府已然孱弱不堪的资产负债表,加剧去杠杆化的压力。但是,尽管渐进调整才是关键之举,但过快过深的削减很可能会适得其反:私人信用和政府支出的大量削减将导致更剧烈的减速,从而造成衰退的恶性循环。因此,新的重磅增长措施必不可少。
到目前为止,增长日程主要由结构性改革组成,这对于提振未来生产率和生产弹性是不必可少的。这场危机也确实为许多国家提供了在该方向上做大动作的政治机会;但总体而言,结构性改革不会立刻产生增长和就业机会(除了允许商店延长营业时间这一措施)。
相反,像淘汰生产率低下的工作岗位这样的措施一开始会抬高失业率,增加政府支出,减少私人支出。此外,由于需求被压抑着,信用供给不足,而创业壁垒通常较高,因此企业创造高生产率岗位需要比平常耗费更长时间。简言之,光靠结构性改革是无法但其刺激2012年增长的重任的。
事实上,现在应该将注意力放在提振经常项目赤字国的投资和出口上,比如法国、意大利和西班牙(还有英国);同时刺激德国和荷兰等盈余国的消费。
欧洲央行已经做出了果断的行动,提振欧洲银行;现在,它应该同时支持实体经济。尽管官方利率只有1%,但并无偿债问题的西班牙等国家,其十年期债务利率高达5%,而在意大利,信誉卓著的企业也不得不以极高的利率借钱(如果借得到的话)。因此,欧洲央行应该出手疏通货币政策的传递机制;欧洲银行局(European Banking Authority)应该组织过度去杠杆化,不同银行应该有不同的资本要求,而不是一刀切的9%;此外,在必要时,国家级别的政府应该为流向中小企业的银行贷款提供担保。
改善融资难的情况固然十分关键,但政府还需要做更多的事来提振投资。它们需要尽快采取措施,让创业变得更容易,让风险资本不再受到各种壁垒的限制,让企业享受100%的暂时性资本免税额,以增进投资。在欧盟层面,正如欧盟主席巴罗佐在其去年9月的欧盟国情咨文中所建议的,欧洲投资银行(European Investment Bank)的(可赎回)资本应该大量增加,以便其为大量泛欧洲投资项目(特别是基础设施项目)提供融资。
提振增长也很重要。赤字国需要增加竞争力、提高生产率,同时削减成本。更具竞争力的货币是一种优势:自2008年以来,英镑的贬值就提振了英国的出口,同理,欧元的贬值也会有助于地中海国家重新获得高价格弹性出口品上的竞争力。财政性贬值——降低工资税,替之以对收入收取的更高的增值税——也能有所助益。
盈余国也应该完成自己的责任,这符合它们的自身利益。正如中国需要允许人民币升值,德国也需要提高真实汇率——不管从绝对数量还是从占GDP的比重来看,德国的经常项目盈余均超过了中国。这意味着德国应该提高工资,让工资与其不断提高的生产率相符,从而让德国人民能够享受希腊人和西班牙人享受的假期。如果企业不愿意如此做,可以采用减少所得税的方式实现。
这就需要财政政策。无法以低利率从市场上借到钱(甚至无论如何也借不到钱)的政府别无选择,只能缩紧裤腰带过日子。但它们应该寻求精明的财政整合,而不是不假思索的紧缩。因此,它们应该维持在技能和基础设施方面的投资,同时削减补贴和转移支付。它们还应该为未来改革立法,特别是鼓励人们延长工作时间。
最后,能够以前所未有的低利率借钱的政府(比如,德国可以以0%的真实利率发行10年期以上的国债)应该承担起支持需求的责任。在明年德国大选以前看到增值税下降真的如此困难吗?


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Val Samonis
To me this agenda looks like the forgotten EU Growth and Stability Pact, just wishful thinking. We first should start thinking about the fundamentals, e.g. just how in the world we should arrive at the opimum currecy area(s) in Europe. The Eurozone is not one.
Zsolt Hermann
There is only one problem with the growth initiative: no more growth is possible.
We still stubbornly try to kick the horse which is on the ground unable to stand up any more.
Our whole economic model is based on over the top production and consumption, basically tricking the consumers to buy until they drop with brainwashing marketing through media and social pressure, as a result they have to work like slaves and on top of it take credits they cannot pay back, in order to finance the excessive, unnecessary and harmful consumption, as we learn from the example of Apple for example this the production is still based on "slave work", thus in this system both the workers, and the customers become slaves of the system for things they do not even need or want, we also exhaust all our natural resources, and we can go and on.
This is all compounded by us becoming a global network, where we each depend on each other, our interests overlap on multiple levels, when I bite from an apple it is someone else's apple, China cannot move ahead or have their own currency valuation without hurting the US, and everybody else, the breakneck growth (while it lasts) in China and India causes terrible environmental consequences for all of us.
Still the public is becoming more amd more aware of the inequalities, the Matrix they have been forced into in order to produce inreacing profit for a small minority, even in the Middle East and China the public does not want to accept their situations any more not even against military pressure.
All together we have a total system failure, growth is not possible any more regardless of the stubborn reactions we might think of.
We have only one viable option: return to necessity and resource based economical model, and to facilitate it we need a completely new social and political structure based on true global ideology, mutual responsibility and equal distribution.
Anything else will just increase the crisis and the suffering for all of us leading to unpredictable, volatile consequences.
If we follow the facts and the laws governing integral, interconnected systems, a single, united Humanity has unlimited potential.
Francisco Alves
Theoretically this is all fine and dandy, now what happens when the problem resides with the government itself and with private and public management. In my country whatever party is elected is completely oblivious to how to manage it. Public spending is cut, yes, but only for the poor and middle class. The rest stays the same. companies prefer to let go skilled employees, thus affecting quality of their products or services rendered. In my country the government does not know the meaning of "planning for the future". And then outsiders still have the cheek to tell me I need to work more. If somehow managers got it into their heads that the profits are to be reinvested in the company and employees and not on expensive cars and fancy events, maybe we´d be a little better off.